Galileo has led to the development of classical physics of mechanics, which teaches that phenomena are produced by matters having masses and relative motions meaning that they have physical origins. The book introduces author’s breakthrough discovery of the physical origins of all universal phenomena and a new cosmology offering a logical common sense interpretation of the universe and all universal phenomena supported by well-established findings cumulated over several centuries.
The well-established findings accumulated in the past several centuries have led the author to discover all the physical origins of universal phenomena. To produce gravity between two heavenly bodies, there must an atmosphere of material particles to interact with both of them by collisions. To constantly produce gravity, the matters in planets and in stars should always gain energy from the material particles. To constantly supply energy to the matters to produce gravity, the material particles should be those constantly produced by nuclear reactions in all stars. The logical conclusion is that neutrinos should be the physical origin of gravity. Of course, some serious doubts have been raised on the ability of neutrinos to interact with matters and the gravity theories similar to the above conclusion such as that of Le Sage. All doubts such as “If neutrinos interact with matters to produce gravity, large amount of heat should be simultaneously produced to vaporize all matters!” are now answered upon scientific the understanding of charge particles and their charge energies, which leads to scientific understanding all collision interactions.
Constant carrying charge energy both proton and electron, the two fundamental charge particles (FCPs), should have constant energy-supply source from their environment! They must constantly gain energy from the atmospheric neutrinos. Without energy supply they should be absolutely uncharged particles (AUP) like neutrinos. This logical conclusion has led to the discovery of the structure of the two FCPs: they both are made of an AUP particle having an amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos of their own. Both FCPs should have gravitational force or the atmospheric pressure of the neutrinos of the universe. Besides, having an amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos a FCP has a repulsive force to push other FCPs away. A FCP therefore contains both an AUP and an atmosphere of neutrinos and has the above two fundamental forces to express their charge energies. With an amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos FCPs interact effectively with the “free” neutrinos of the universe. These are mainly the collisions interactions among neutrinos themselves, which do not directly produce heat, thus, are undetectable! They mainly results in the formation of FCPs, atoms, and molecules and in maintaining their stability and in producing gravity. However, the kinetic energy constantly lost from the free neutrinos of the universe to FCPs to produce gravity and should also make AUPs, FCPs and their atmospheric neutrinos fast rotating and oscillation, which should produce some heat, which is called the fundamental heat energy of matters by the author heating up the core of planets, produce volcanic activities, etc.
The above knowledge further leads to the understanding of the second type of collision interactions - among FCPs including those among matters having atomic and molecular structures (MAM) covering all physical, chemical, and even nuclear reactions. Since all FCPs have an atmosphere of neutrinos, their collision interactions should involve losing or gaining their atmospheric neutrinos having both spin and oscillation energies. Findings show that both collisions among MAM and orbital electrons jumping to a lower or higher energy level produce or absorb light and heat. Light and heat energies therefore must be produced by the neutrinos having both spin and oscillation energies released from the electrons involved in the collision interactions. The collision interactions among FCPs and MAM therefore involve losing and/or gaining neutrinos mainly from orbital electrons meaning that they are mass losing and/or gaining processes. Therefore, the neutrino content in FCPs, particularly in electron, must vary with the environment they are in. For example, the neutrino content in orbital electrons of different energy levels and atomic nuclei must be different. The well-established knowledge of nuclear physics conclusively proves the above interpretations but have been grossly misinterpreted by the mainstream of thought.
Cumulative findings and the above acquired knowledge further offer a logical interpretation of the universe. It should be an open universe having an atmosphere of neutrinos. The key to understand the universe is the matter called “dense-matter object (DMO)” by the author, which has been found to form from the collapsing of atoms and molecules at very close to 0 oK. DMO should contain about equal number of protons and electron without atomic structure and are only stable outside universe below 0 oK. Many DMOs should form from the collapsing of dead planets and stars in places below 0 oK outside the universe and they gradually agglomerate into very big size DMOs. A violent collision of two huge DMOs would produce a baby galaxy having billions of broken pieces of DMOs and a cloud of energetic particles including neutrinos. Under constant bombardment of energetic particles, each piece of DMO becomes a baby star being radioactive and undergoing nuclear reactions on their surface to produce hydrogen and helium. Inside a universe DMOs are anti-gravity matters and the densest stars. Very large DMOs look like black holes. They constantly make hydrogen and helium and throw them far away, for most DMOs, to gradually form a large bright outer-layer becoming regular stars having artificially low mass density. The outer-layer of regular stars makes elements heavier than helium, building up inner pressure. Finally regular stars explode to end their lives to form planets and to completely or partially expose their DMOs, which were found to be different dense stars; neutron stars, white, and brown dwarfs. The outer-layer of regular and dense stars and planets are made of MAN or gravity matters. A regular star gradually turns from an anti-gravity star to a gravity star upon aging.
Only the correct physics can offer an overall understanding of the universe and all its universal phenomena, which is consistent and coherent supported by all well-established findings cumulated over centuries. Therefore, the expanded Galilean physics given in this book has been proven to be the only correct physics.
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